The Louisiana Purchase Essay Example For Students

The Louisiana Purchase Essay The Louisiana Purchase Essay was the acquisition of the French region of Louisiana by the US in 1803. The area extended from the Mississippi River westbound to the Rough Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to Canada, covering a territory equivalent to that of the United States, preceding the buy. Aside from the Mississippi River on the east and Canada on the north, the limits were inconclusive. The United States likewise guaranteed West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido streams as a feature of the buy, however Spain denied the case. Because of the buy, the port of New Orleans and the whole Mississippi framework were made sure about for American shippers, and the nation was allowed to grow toward the Pacific Ocean. In 1762, France had surrendered Louisiana to Spain, however by the mystery Treaty of San Ildefonso, (1800) the French had recaptured the zone. Napoleon Bonaparte (the future Emperor Napoleon I) imagined an incredible French domain in the New World, and he planned to utilize the Mississippi Valley as a food and exchange focus to flexibly the island of Hispania, which was to be the core of this realm. To start with, be that as it may, he needed to reestablish French control of Hispania, where Haitian slaves under Toussaint L Ouverture had held onto power (1801). In 1802, a huge armed force sent by Napoleon under his brother by marriage, Charles Leclerc, showed up on the island to smother the Haitian disobedience. Likewise in 1802, two acts were submitted that President Thomas Jefferson, who was worried about French goals, viewed as antagonistic to the interests of the U.S. . French powers were sent to New Orleans and to Santo Domingo, Hispania (presently the Dominican Republic), to subdue a disobedience there. The other was the privilege of store, the benefit recently concurred U.S. shippers of storing merchandise at New Orleans pending transshipment, was pulled back. Jefferson immediately sent the American legislator James Monroe to Paris to help the American clergyman to France, Robert R. Livingston, trying to influence one of four potential plans invaluable to the U.S. The plans are (1) to acquisition of eastern and western Florida and New Orleans; (2) the acquisition of New Orleans alone; (3) the acquisition of land on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River to construct an American port; or (4) the procurement of ceaseless privileges of route and store. Notwithstanding some military achievement, the French lost a huge number of troopers, chiefly to yellow fever, and Napoleon before long understood that Hispania must be deserted. Without that island, he had little use for Louisiana. Confronting reestablished war with Great Britain, he was unable to save troops to protect the region; he required assets, also, to help his military endeavors in Europe. As needs be, in April 1803 he offered to offer Louisiana to the United States. The cost concurred on was $15 million, of which $11,250,000 was to be paid out and out by the U.S. to France. The parity of $3,750,000 was to be paid by the U.S. to its residents to fulfill their cases against France. At the point when the entirety of this news came back to Jefferson was elated. At one stroke, the United States would twofold its size, a huge tract of land would be available to settlement, and the free route of the Mississippi would be guaranteed. At the hour of procurement, Jefferson was worried about the defendability of making a land obtaining without adding a covering alteration to the U.S. Constitution. The rule that everyone must follow, in any case, gave the president bargain making force, and Jefferson presumed that the down to earth advantages to the country far exceed the conceivable infringement of the Constitution. The Senate agreed with this choice and casted a ballot approval on Oct. 20, 1803. The Spanish, who had never surrendered physical ownership of Louisiana to the French, did as such in a service at New Orleans on Nov. 30, 1803. In a subsequent function, on Dec. .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .postImageUrl , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:hover , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:visited , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:active { border:0!important; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:active , .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u37b41db8501d989e8 7c50e0c6ed2627b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u37b41db8501d989e87c50e0c6ed2627b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Schindler’s List: A Film Review Essay 20, 1803, the French gave Louisiana to the United States. Debates with Britain and Spain over the limits of the buy took a very long time to determine. A portion of different issues that happened when the land was bought was what was the administration going to do about the Indians and how they lived before this .

Importance of Corporate Governance in Accounting

Question: Examine about the Importance of Corporate Governance in Accounting. Answer: Presentation: Bookkeeping is an efficient and exhaustive procedure of recording all the budgetary exchanges of a business association. A bookkeeper of an association has the duty to oversee, update, right and report all the budgetary exercises of a business association. In an increasingly exact note, the bookkeepers can be known as the attendants of the records of the associations (Carmona, Ezzamel Gutirrez, 2016). Consequently, it tends to be said that Accounting is one of the significant callings on the planet and the bookkeepers have a huge task to carry out in the accomplishment of any business association. It tends to be obviously said that to account expert is the best profession open door for them who are seeking after their lord of bookkeeping courses. Many bookkeeping experts everywhere throughout the world consider that bookkeeping is a blend of craftsmanship and science. Additionally, huge numbers of them consider that bookkeeping is a workmanship more than science. There are purposes f or this announcement. It has been seen that the two bookkeepers can't bring similar outcomes from precisely the same information with the end goal of dynamic procedure (Monterio, 2014). This occurs because of the nearness of too many bookkeeping rules that don't picture all the shrouded realities during the time spent bookkeeping. A few bookkeepers consider those concealed realities and some don't consider. This is the explanation behind bookkeepers having various outcomes from precisely the same information. In a business, the expert bookkeepers are viewed as the mainstays of the association as they contribute enormous for the achievement and development of the business association. The expert bookkeepers give their significant budgetary and bookkeeping encourages to the association to accomplish the monetary destinations and objectives of business. Aside from this, there are other numerous ways by which the bookkeepers can add to the reason for the associations (Byrne et al., 2012). In the business associations, the expert bookkeepers are considered as one of the significant resources of the associations as they help the associations to continue the authoritative development and qualities. They are considered as the most significant components with regards to the arrangement of fiscal summaries of the associations (Goretzki, Strauss Weber, 2013). It tends to be seen that there are various types of duties of the expert bookkeepers in a business association. They help the associations in the arrangement of corporate procedure; they help the associations in the readiness of financial plans and to record all the bookkeeping data; they help the associations by giving significant duty advices; they help the associations in overseeing dangers and numerous others (Paulsson, 2012). The expert bookkeepers have huge information and preparing about fund, bookkeeping and different issues. Hence, they can adopt imaginative strategies to take care of various types of issues in the business associations. Aside from the business associations, the expert bookkeepers get amazing privilege in the general public (Clinton White, 2012). It has been seen that the expert bookkeepers manage a wide scope of social issues for the improvement of the general public and the individuals of the general public. Consequently, it is normal that the expert bookkeepers keep up an elevated level of moral standard both in the business associations and in the general public. The expert bookkeepers have the duty to build up corporate administration in each part of bookkeeping. There are different cases where the absence of corporate administration can be found during the time spent bookkeeping in the business associations. Thus, one can't overlook the significance of corporate administration i n the bookkeeping procedure as corporate administration assists with holding honesty in the bookkeeping calling. In this manner, these are the primary qualities that an individual must need to turn into an expert bookkeeper. Undertaking Proposal Bookkeeping is considered as one of the primary tasks in any business associations. The way toward bookkeeping is a key determinant of the accomplishment of the organizations. Henceforth, it is normal that there must be uprightness and morals during the time spent bookkeeping. Notwithstanding, lately, the situation has changed definitely. Some major uncommon changes can be seen in the manner the bookkeeping exercises of the associations are continued. There are numerous examples where it has been seen that the bookkeepers of the associations are engaged with various types of bookkeeping fakes or control of budgetary information and data. The fundamental explanation for these sorts of false or control is the absence of corporate administration during the time spent bookkeeping in the business associations (McCahery, Sautner Starks, 2016). There are various number of bookkeeping issues everywhere throughout the world that are pulling in the consideration of numerous individuals. This i s a significant issue in bookkeeping calling. The procedure of the readiness of the budgetary reports of the business associations is the significant movement of the records calling (ArAs, 2016). A significant connection between corporate administration and the readiness of monetary reports can be seen. The flaw in the money related reports can be occurred because of the defect in the corporate administration procedure of the business associations (Kathy Rao, Tilt Lester, 2012). Corporate administration has numerous tasks to carry out during the time spent maintaining a business association. There are numerous issues during the time spent corporate administration for the business association identified with bookkeeping calling. For instance, a significant issue in corporate administration identified with bookkeeping is the faculty issues. So as to administer enormous and complex kinds of business associations, bookkeeper experts having significant level of specialized aptitude are required; they ought to be able to make explicit judgment dependent on the bookkeeping standards. The absence of this sort of work force is a significant issue in the corporate administration and bo okkeeping. There are numerous different issues like issue out in the open bookkeeping, issue in income the board and numerous others (Hilb, 2012). The culmination of this exploration venture will assist with getting the ideal arrangements of these corporate administration related issues. Point and Objectives Each exploration venture must have some significant goals. There isn't any special case of this reality in this venture. The point of this exploration is to dissect and assess different parts of corporate administration in bookkeeping calling in the business associations. The significant targets of this examination are as per the following; The primary goal is the investigation and assessment of the significance of corporate administration in bookkeeping. The subsequent goal is the examination of the impact of corporate administration and representing the accomplishment of the organizations. The third target is to give explicit procedures all together decrease different issues in corporate administration and bookkeeping. Writing Review According to Tricker, (2015), corporate administration alludes to the way toward controlling various types of activities of a business association. For this reason, different sorts of rules, guidelines and arrangements should be executed in the association. Then again, bookkeeping is the way toward keeping up all the budgetary exchanges of the association. Corporate administration has a vital task to carry out in the bookkeeping procedure of the associations. Taking a gander at the few bookkeeping embarrassments, the significance of corporate administration in bookkeeping can't be overlooked. A critical connection is there during the time spent corporate administration and bookkeeping. The primary obligation of corporate administration is to create rules and guidelines to coordinate the choices of the organizations. Then again, the center obligation of bookkeeping is to follow the money related execution of the business associations. Thus, the smooth destroying of the bookkeeping pro cedures of the business associations generally relies upon the guidelines and strategies executed in corporate administration. There are numerous business regions where the achievement rely upon the consolidated work of corporate administration and bookkeeping (Aebi, Sabato Schmid, 2012). Task arranging can be considered for instance of such zones. Numerous bookkeepers all through the world think about bookkeeping rehearses as the instruments of corporate administration. With the assistance both corporate administration and bookkeeping rehearses, enormous partnerships can take astute activity about how to work, the amount to contribute, how to make the systems of business extension and numerous others (Gill Biger, 2013). It is the obligation of the enormous open organizations to reveal their business practice to the outside world. In this procedure, corporate administration has a critical task to carry out. It is the obligation of corporate administration to make it sure, that the enterprise must uncover exact and genuine budget reports like salary proclamation, accounting report, explanation of investors value and numerous others (Hoechle et al., 2012). Consequently, in view of the models, the immense and huge commitment of corporate administration on the bookkeeping practices of the associations can be judged. In this way, it is wanted that the there is a legitimate harmony between corporate administration and bookkeeping rehearses. Research Methodology So as to do this exploration, auxiliary information will be gathered so as to dissect them to accomplish the objectives of the examination procedure. The necessary auxiliary information will be gathered from various sources; a portion of the significant sources are various types of diary articles on corporate administration and bookkeeping calling, the sites of various organizations, late news about corporate administration and bookkeeping, budget summaries of various organizations, diverse sort of contextual analyses and oth

Round here we stay up very, very late

Round here we stay up very, very late Last day of lab Friday was my last day at my UROP lab after three years of research. I cried. Thankfully, I didnt cry until after I got outside and had said all my goodbyes and everything. You know how theres no crying in baseball? Well, theres no crying in science either. Unfortunately for me, I am a hopeless sap, so the best I can hope for is not crying in front of people. On Thursday, my postdoc took me out to lunch near campus, and we talked about the past three years (after working together for such a long time, you have lots of stories), about graduate school, and about careers in science. He gave me a lot of good advice about picking a thesis lab, and about planning my career trajectory in general and he gave me two books to read at the beach next week. By my count, I spent about 3000 hours in the lab over the course of three summers, three IAPs, and six semesters. I went into lab during blizzards (winter 2005), heat waves (summer 2004), weekends (uh, pretty much every weekend since 2005), holidays (in 2004, July 4 was the first holiday I took off), mornings (7 AM every Wednesday this summer), nights (until 2 AM one Friday night in spring 2005), and a lot of times in between. I guess Im a little bit of a workaholic. But it was totally worth it. Why it rocks to go to MIT for college, reason #65932 Adam, my beautiful curly-haired rocket scientist better half, is applying to grad schools this year. He had been a little nervous about applying (arent we all?), especially because me picking Harvard for grad school effectively meant hed have to get into MITs aero/astro masters program. Well, he was talking with his UROP supervisor last week, and his supervisor casually mentioned that he has a project that hed really like Adam to take on for his masters degree. So basically, Adams going to get into MIT if you have a professor who already wants you specifically in his lab when you apply, thats grad school gold. He still has to take the GRE and write a statement of purpose and all that stuff, but it means he doesnt really have to worry about getting in anymore. Hooray! Concertgoing Last night Adam and I ventured south to the Tweeter Center to see the Counting Crows and the Goo Goo Dolls. If you stranded me on a desert island and forced me to pick two bands to listen to for the rest of eternity, those are totally the two Id pick, so I was ridiculously psyched to hear that a) they were touring together, and b) they were coming to Boston. The concert was *amazing*. Thats really all Im going to say, since this blogs title is not The Counting Crows are Life: The Rest is Just Chemistry and Physics. But I totally rocked out and danced around doing awkward white girl dances and had a blast. (And then, for the record, it took two hours for Adam and me to get back to the city, partially because of concert traffic and partially because large chunks of the Big Dig were closed for repairs, bottlenecking traffic trying to get into the city. If youre coming out to Boston on a plane anytime soon, do yourself a favor and do not rent a car.) Questions 1. Meg asked, do you think its a good idea to jump into harder courses right away or do you think its better to just start w/ the easier ones (like calc I and intro to bio) to get a feel for what mit classes are like? Also, what are the math requirements, beyond GIRs, for majoring in bio? Deciding whether to use AP credit or not is a decision that everybody approaches differently some people just take the credit and run, and some prefer to start out in classes in which they have a stronger footing. For my part, Id advise you to take the credit, but only as long as you feel comfortable with the background you have. Biology at MIT doesnt require any math classes past 18.02 (although a lot of people take 18.03), so it should be fine for you to skip 18.01 and 18.02 as long as you still remember how to integrate youll need 18.02 knowledge for 5.60 (thermo and kinetics). Skipping 7.01x should be fine also a lot of people do it although I wouldnt really be in favor of taking 7.03 as a freshman. Youd be better off taking chemistry as a first-term freshman than trying to jump into the biology core. (If you have any other questions, feel free to email!) 2. Sulinya asked, Hey Mollie, how long does it usually take to do a Ph.D. program? Like how long is your Harvard one? It really depends on the student and how well his or her research is going some people get a project that gives them immediate results, but other people hit snags along the way which delay their graduation. Since getting your PhD depends almost entirely on your research progress, some people graduate after four years, and some people graduate after seven or eight. The average in most of the programs is around five and a half years, but theres a pretty big standard deviation! 3. Katie asked, How did you get the 6-week internship you did the summer after your freshman year? Well, the full story is here. The QD version is that I emailed a bunch of NIH PIs expressing interest in their work, and one of them passed my name onto a postdoc who picked me to work with him. Melis also has some tips on getting one of those NIH internships here; you have to fill out an online application and get some letters of recommendation, too. 4. Sylvia asked, Hi. I read that pets are allowed in the dorms. Which pets exactly are allowed and how common do you see others with them? Officially: Pets are only allowed in EC, Random, Bexley, and Senior House, and the only allowed pets are cats. Some parts/floors of those three dorms have cats, and some dont; pet policies are collected here. Unofficially: Even though pets arent allowed in dorms other than the ones named above, I know a lot of animals that live in non-pet dorms. Off the top of my head I can think of a turtle, two cats, two rabbits, a mouse, a tarantula, and a ferret and thats only among my friends. So yes, the only pets allowed in MIT dorms are cats. ;)

Persuasive Essay About Firefighters - 1229 Words

There are situations that impact your everyday life that’s when we call the â€Å"Firefighters†. Their lifestyle is risky, they serve the people. Firefighters truly deserve the respect and honor from the community, at the same time, this is a way of showing gratitude for their courage. The firefighter station that I visited was the fire department in San Fernando called â€Å" Station 98†, and their agency is Los Angeles Fire Department, it has been around since 1886. The history of fires goes back to the 17th century. They were called, â€Å"Fire buckets†. They came into existence because there was no fireman. Fire buckets were people organizing themselves like a human chain with buckets passing around. There was at least two to three buckets full of†¦show more content†¦According the agency of the Department of Homeland Security states that motor vehicles crashes are the leading cause of death for an on-line duty fireman. Other significant causes of death are: caught/trapped (10%), fall (5%), collapse (3%), and other (7%). Intentions of firefighters are to make the community safe as possible, but we the people need to think twice before we do anything else when dealing with fire. The other things that it s a national problem for firefighters is not wearing their seat belts when driving out to an emergency. They are so focused on saving our lives when first it s supposed to be the opposite, their safety is first, but firemen put t heir lives at risk. In fact the society make it very dangerous for every fireman, traffic is a major hazard, highways, social media and their lack of sleep. This show an everyday the situation of a fireman because it s been argued that the schedules in the fire department does not fit to the distance that they need to travel from home to work. 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The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century - 616 Words

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century One of the most important periods in human history took place in the 16th and 17th century. We refer to it now as the Scientific Revolution. This period of scientific discovery led to a new age of understanding about the universe and our place in it. Some of the modern mathematics that we use today were invented during this period. Until this time, the way we understood our place in the universe was based on the views of philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato. We believed in things like the world was the center of the universe and that all of the planets and stars revolved around it. During this time our scientific and philosophical reasoning were overshadowed and burdened by religious teaching. However, it is not to say that it was a sudden burst of discoveries and enlightenment. For centuries, other philosophers, mathematicians and astronomers had laid the groundwork for what would be discovered during this period. 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Another instigator of the changing world-view was the Reformation, which introduced a period of questioningRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pages 2. INTRODUCTION During the second half of the 17th century, there were a drastic breakthrough in mainly Great Britain’s, but gradually the rest of the worlds development, that would lead to radical changes in peoples lives, working relations and environment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history

Promote Positve Behaviour Free Essays

1. Identify types of challenging behaviour. There are many types of behaviour that can be described as challenging. We will write a custom essay sample on Promote Positve Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of these include: self-injury (eg head banging, self-biting, skin picking)  physical aggression or violent behaviour (eg punching, scratching, kicking, biting, pulling hair) verbal aggression (eg threats, insults, excessive swearing)  disruption and destruction of property or the environment (eg ripping clothes, breaking windows or furniture) racist or sexist behaviour. Stereotyped behaviours (eg rocking, spinning, hand flapping) inappropriate or unacceptable sexual behaviour (eg masturbating in public, touching others inappropriately or showing pornography) smearing and urination (eg smearing faeces, urinating in inappropriate places) stealing (eg taking possessions/food that do not belong to the individual) manipulative, deceitful and non-compliant behaviour (eg refusing to move, refusing to engage in an activity despite being able, telling lies) absconding (eg leaving school/home/residential service without permission). 3. Explain the steps that are taken to maintain the dignity of and respect for an individual when responding to an incident of challenging behaviour. Children must always be treated with dignity and respect with. This may be difficult when their behaviour is threatening to their peers or members of staff, however it is essential to remember that it’s the behaviour that is adverse and not the YP. When challenging the behaviour it is important to disapprove of the negative behaviour, not the individual. Should the situation require reactive strategies, it is important to uphold best practise and continue to treat the YP in a child centred way, according to their placement plan, risk assessment and positive handling plan, paying attention to the YP faith, beliefs, culture while maintaining dignity. For example, when holding a YP, ensuring that the hold is not intrusive, especially to private parts of the body. Should the YP clothes ride up, for staff to inform the YP that they are about to adjust their clothing. It is important to maintain dignity and respect when recording the incident. Not  using a derogatory tone when referring to the YP, instead recording in a way that describes the negative behaviour displayed by the YP. How to cite Promote Positve Behaviour, Papers

The Aztec Indians Essays - Aztec Society, Merchants, Pochteca, Aztec

The Aztec Indians The Aztec Indians Tonatiuh has yet to rise from the East and shine upon us all, but already I hear stirs and murmurs coming from the street and even from the apprentice quarters of my own home. It has been an exhausting month for me and I would like nothing better than to sleep all day. However, here in Texcoco, the market only meets once a week and I must sell my goods as soon as possible.(Smith,119). My wife, heavy with child, slowly begins to wake beside me, so I rise to the new day. My name is Tochtli, born to that day some 33 years ago. I am of the Mexica tribe, born and raised in the sacred capitol city of Tenochtitlan. I am of the pochteca and am proud to serve my gods and lords faithfully in war and sacrifice, as my father did before me. I have been very successful and have been able to provide my wife and two (soon to be three) children a comfortable life. It is wise to say that the god Yacatecuhtli, looks generously upon me and I owe all to him (Smith, 213). Before I am even dressed I can smell my wife and daughter preparing tortillas from the patio. Being from the highest order of pochteca, my home is larger than most in my calpolli. It is built in a half-moon fashion around a central patio. The structure is made up of four rooms, or quarters: The sleeping quarters of my wife and I, the room my children share, a room for my apprentice and any tlamama I may have under my service at the time, and a small shrine room where my family and I can worship. In the patio, the tlamama, my apprentice and my son eat a breakfast of tortillas before we head to the market. I had just returned the night before from a most successful, but long trade expedition. I had set out a little over a month ago, along with two other pochteca from my guild, two of our apprentices, and four tlamama who are professional porters. I was worried to leave on such a long expedition when my wife was so close to bearing our third child, but after consulting with the calendar and the priests of my patron god, Yacatecuhtli, it was determined that the day we left on was surely the luckiest (Smith,256). Besides that, my son, Ocelotl, is now nine and almost old enough to guard the household. We left loaded with cloth, jewels and spinning tools and set out for Acolman, where we traded the bulk of our goods for slaves. In these other cities, markets meet weekly or only periodically, so it was important to time our route well. From Acolman we set out for Pachuca where we planned to trade the remainder of our goods for some of the obsidian tools that the region is renowned for (Smith, 87). That was the most dangerous part of our journey because of its length, the size of our payload and how close our path came toward enemy territory outside of the triple alliance. Pochteca are generally allowed free travel throughout the world, enemy or friendly without harm (Smith, 122). In my time I have traveled throughout the far reaches of this land, but I am still wary of enemy territory, and always travel well armed and ready for battle. After a rest in Pachuca, where we bartered for the obsidian, we began our long journey home. We finally reached Texcoco early yesterday morning, but camped outside the city until nightfall. Upon returning from any expedition, pochteca always enter the city under the cloak of darkness. We then quickly unload our goods from the canoes, so that it is all hidden in our homes by daybreak (Smith, 121). This has been a practice as old as the guild itself. It is very useful since it is wise to keep the success of ones expedition a secret. Pochteca, no matter how successful, are not nobles and not allowed to display such wealth openly (Smith,121). To do so might offend our lords, and hence our gods. I agreed to keep the obsidian and two of the tlamama at my home for the night, while my partner kept the slaves at his home. My wife, Calli, calls for me to eat before I must leave for the market. She hands me warm tortillas and smiles at me lovingly. I admire the roundness of her belly, and only then do I realize how much I have missed

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials Abigail Dane Faulkner Facts Known for:  convicted and sentenced but never executed  in the 1692  Salem witch trials; her pregnancy led to her sentence being suspendedOccupation:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"goodwife† - homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  Dates:  October 13, 1652 – February 5, 1730Also known as: Abigail Faulkner Sr., Abigail Faulkner, Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Faulkner was also spelled Forknor or Falkner Family, Background: Mother: Elizabeth Ingalls Father: Rev. Francis Dane (1651 – 1732), son of Edmund Faulkner and Dorothy Raymond Husband: Francis Faulkner (Lieutenant), from another prominent Andover family, married October 12, 1675 Siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725, married to Deliverance Dane), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726) Children: Elizabeth, 1676 - 1678Elizabeth, 1678 - 1735, married John BurtrickPaul, 1680 – 1749, married Sarah Lamson and Hannah SheffieldDorothy, 1680 - 1740, married Samuel NurseAbigail, 1683 - 1746, married Thomas LamsonFrances, 1686 - 1736, married Daniel FaulknerEdmund, 1688 - 1731, married Elizabeth Marston, then Dorcas Buckston, then Dorothy RobinsonAmmi Ruhamah (â€Å"my people have obtained mercy†), March 20, 1693 - 1756, married Hannah Ingalls Her grandson Francis Faulkner fought in the Battle of Concord during the American Revolution, and was in charge of the regiment guarding prisoner of war General John Burgoyne. Abigail Dane Faulkner Before the Salem Witch Trials Francis Faulkner’s father in 1675 bequeathed his estate to his eldest son, Francis, the same year that Francis and Abigail married, when Abigail was 23 years old. The father died in 1687, and Francis inherited most of the rest of the estate, with only a small portion given to his sisters and brothers.   Thus Francis and Abigail were quite wealthy while young, and possibly envied by neighbors. Soon after his father died in 1687, Francis became very ill. He was afflicted with convulsions and mental symptoms affecting memory, leaving him often confused.   Abigail, then in her mid-30s, was therefore in control of the land, property and operation of the family farm. Abigail’s father had been the Andover minister for over 40 years when the trials began.   He had spoken against the likelihood of another charge of witchcraft in 1658. In the 1680s, he had successfully sued Andover residents in a salary dispute. Abigail Dane Faulkner and the Salem Witch Trials Rev. Dane is said to have criticized the witch accusations early in the proceedings in 1692.   This may have put his family members at risk. On August 10, Abigail Faulkner’s niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., was arrested and confessed. In her confession the next day, she mentioned using a poppet to afflict others.    Abigail was then arrested on August 11 and taken to Salem. She was examined by Jonathan Corwin, John Hathorne and Captain John Higginson. She was accused by Ann Putnam, Mary Warren and others. William Barker Sr. also accused Abigail and her sister, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., of enticing him to sign the devil’s book; he had named George Burroughs as the ringleader. George Burroughs was among those hanged on August 19.   Abigail refused to confess, saying the devil must be afflicting the girls, who reacted with fits when she was examined. On August 29, an arrest warrant was issued for Elizabeth Johnson Sr., Abigail’s sister, and Elizabeth’s daughter Abigail Johnson, eleven. Elizabeth’s son Stephen (14) may also have been arrested at that time. On August 30, Abigail Faulkner Sr. was  examined  in prison. She admitted to having had ill will towards the crowd of neighbors who taunted her niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., when she was arrested. The next day her sister Elizabeth was examined. She asserted that Abigail, who was also in court, would tear her to pieces if she confessed.   Elizabeth Sr. accused several others as witches as well, including saying that she was afraid that her son Stephen was also a witch. On August 31, both sisters, Abigail Faulkner and Elizabeth Johnson, confessed, including to have inflicted Martha Sprague. Abigail and her son both described a gathering where they were baptized by the devil.   Rebecca Eames  was also examined, a second time, and implicated Abigail Faulkner among others. Abigail’s nephew Stephen was examined on September 1; he confessed. Somewhere around September 8, two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of an illness afflicting Joseph Ballard and his wife.   Neighbors were tested by blindfolding them and placing their hands on the afflicted persons; Deliverance Dane, a sister-in-law of Abigail Faulkner married to her brother Nathaniel Dane, was among those arrested and taken to Salem, where they confessed under pressure, still in shock at their arrest.   When they tried to recant, they were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had renounced his confession of September 1 and was later in September convicted and condemned to be executed.   A fragment of a record about Deliverance Dane’s confession is all the record that can be found of this; that confession under examination was on September 8. On September 16, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., age nine, was accused. She and her sister Dorothy, twelve, were examined and confessed.   They stated that their mother had brought them to witchcraft, and named others: â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† The next day, September 17, the court convicted Abigail Dane Faulkner, along with Rebecca Eames, Ann Foster, Abigail Hobbs, Mary Lacey, Mary Parker, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell, and they were condemned to be executed. On September 18, Ann Putnam testified to being afflicted by Abigail Faulkner Sr. on August 9.   A jury found Abigail guilty of afflicting Martha Sprague and Sarah Phelps, and condemned her to execution.   Abigail was pregnant, so the sentence was delayed. Martha Corey,  Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell were hanged for witchcraft on September 22. It was the last hanging in the Salem witch trials. The  Court of Oyer and Terminer  stopped meeting. Abigail Faulkner Sr.  After the Trials Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. were released on recognizance on October 6 to the care of John Osgood Sr. and Nathaniel Dane, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s brother.   On the same date, Stephen Johnson, Abigail Johnson and Sarah Carrier were released.   Each release cost 500 pounds. On October 18, 25 citizens, including Rev. Francis Dane, wrote a letter condemning the trials, addressed to the governor and the General Court. Abigail Dane Faulkner petitioned the governor for clemency in October.   He had her released her from prison.   She claimed that her husband’s illness and gotten worse and that no one could watch their children. In early January, Abigail’s father, the Rev. Francis Dane, wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. Several of Rev. Danes family had been accused and imprisoned, including two daughters, a daughter-in-law and several grandchildren. Two of his family members, his daughter Abigail Faulkner and his granddaughter Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., had been sentenced to death. Another undated petition to the Salem court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, asserting their innocence, good character and piety, and protesting the pressure placed on them to confess. A petition dated March 18 was submitted by residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Among those who signed were Francis and Abigail Faulkner and Nathaniel and Francis Dane (see timeline for the complete list of signers). On March 20, 1693, Abigail gave birth to her last child, and named him Ammi Ruhamah, meaning â€Å"my people have obtained mercy,† in honor of her release from her conviction and escape from execution. In 1700, Abigail’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction.   In March of 1703 (then called 1702), residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants. In June of 1703, Abigail Faulkner petitioned the court in Massachusetts to exonerate her of the charge of witchcraft. The court agreed, ruling that spectral evidence could no longer be considered, and ruled that a bill of attainder be drawn up to reverse her conviction.   In May of 1709, Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration.   (Given Francis’ illness, it is possible that Abigail Faulkner actually arranged his participation.) 1711: The  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were Abigail Faulkner, George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Motives Motives for accusing Abigail Faulkner could include her position of wealth and the fact that, as a woman, she had unusual control over property and wealth.   Motives could also include her father’s known critical attitude towards the trials; in all, he had two daughters, a daughter-in-law and five grandchildren caught up in the accusations and trails. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  The Crucible Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series.

10 Geography Facts About Florida

10 Geography Facts About Florida Capital: Tallahassee Population: 18,537,969 (July 2009 estimate) Largest Cities: Jacksonville, Miami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Hialeah, and Orlando Area: 53,927 square miles (139,671 sq km) Highest Point: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m) Florida  is a state located in the southeastern United States. It is bordered by Alabama and Georgia to the north, while the rest of the state is a peninsula that is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Strait of Florida to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Because of its warm subtropical climate, Florida is known as the sunshine state. Florida Geography Facts Florida is a popular tourist destination for its many beaches, wildlife in areas like the Everglades, large cities such as Miami, and theme parks like Walt Disney World. Discover 10 more geography facts about Florida. 1. Many Native Americans Lived Here Florida was first inhabited by a number of different Native American tribes thousands of years prior to any European exploration of the region. The largest known tribes in Florida were the Seminole, Apalachee, Ais, Calusa, Timucua, and Tocabago. 2. It Was Discovered in 1513 On April 2, 1513, Juan Ponce de Leà ³n was one of the first Europeans to discover Florida. He named it as the Spanish term for flowered land. Following Ponce de Leà ³ns discovery of Florida, both the Spanish and the French began to build settlements in the region. In 1559, Spanish Pensacola was established as the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States. 3. Its the 27th State Florida officially entered the U.S. on March 3, 1845, as the 27th state. As the state grew, settlers began to force out the Seminole tribe. This resulted in the Third Seminole War, which lasted from 1855 to 1858 and resulted in most of the tribe being moved to other states (such as Oklahoma and Mississippi). 4. Tourism Drives the Economy Floridas economy is based mainly on services related to tourism, financial services, trade, transportation, public utilities, manufacturing, and construction. Tourism is the largest sector of Floridas economy. 5. The State Relies on Fishing Fishing is also a large industry in Florida. In 2009, the state made $6 billion and employed 60,000 Floridians. A large oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 threatened both the fishing and tourism industries in the state. 6. Its Low-Lying Most of Floridas land area is built on a large peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Because Florida is surrounded by water, much of it is low-lying and flat. Its highest point, Britton Hill, is only 345 feet (105 m) above sea level. This makes it the lowest high point of any U.S. state. Northern Florida has a more varied topography, with gently rolling hills. However, it also has relatively low elevations. 7. It Rains Year-Round Floridas climate is highly affected by its maritime location as well as its southern U.S. latitude. The northern parts of the state have a climate thats considered humid subtropical, while the southern portions (including the Florida Keys) are tropical. Jacksonville, in northern Florida, has an average January low temperature of 45.6 degrees F (7.5 degrees C) and a July high of 89.3 degrees F (32 degrees C). Miami, on the other hand, has a January low of 59 degrees F (15 degrees C) and a July high of 76 degrees F (24 degrees C). Rain is common year-round in Florida. The state is also prone to hurricanes. 8. It Has Rich Biodiversity Wetlands like the Everglades are common throughout Florida and as a result, the state is rich in biodiversity. It is home to many endangered species and marine mammals like the bottlenose dolphin and the manatee, reptiles like the alligator and sea turtles, large land mammals like the Florida panther, as well as a  plethora of birds, plants, and insects. Many species also breed in Florida due to its mild climate and warm waters. 9. The People Are Diverse, Too Florida has the fourth highest population of any state in the U.S. and it is one of the countrys fastest growing. A large portion of Floridas population is considered Hispanic, but the majority of the state is Caucasian. South Florida also has significant populations of people from Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica. Additionally, Florida is known for its large retirement communities. 10. It Has Many Higher Education Options In addition to its biodiversity, large cities, and famous theme parks, Florida is also known for its well-developed university system. There are a number of large public universities in the state, such as Florida State University and the University of Florida, as well as many large private universities and community colleges. Source: Unknown. Florida. Infoplease, 2018.

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MARKETING - Essay Example In the present day, the motive behind production is no more about searching customer but delighting customers through path of customization and research. According to the American Marketing Association, Marketing is â€Å"an organizational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationship is a way that benefits the organization and its stakeholders† (AMA, 2004). Financial success fully depends upon right marketing. Corporate goals are achieved through meeting customer needs and delighting customer expectancy and right marketing is the way to it. Right marketing is obtained through research oriented planning and execution of those marketing strategy effectively. Ten types of entities can be marketed by marketers to these categories of market. These entities include properties, services, organization, events, place, goods, information, experiences, persons, and ideas. All organizations that work under this umbrella need marketing to sustain in ever rising competitive market of the present day. Due to the affects of globalization, changing technology, deregulations, privatization, customer empowerment, customization, increasing competition, there has been a remarkable change in behavior of market. It is facing new challenges and new opportunities with changing environment. Even market leaders like GE, Microsoft, Walt Mart, Intel, and Nike are kept on their toes. In order to ensure sustainable development, the companies need to remain flexible and adaptable to the external situations. Marketing function survives on its fundamental core concepts as well as changing trends. Its fundamental concepts include needs which are basic requirements of an individual and can comprise of stated needs, unstated needs, real needs, secret needs, and delighted needs, whereas want and demand are specific needs towards a particular object (Kotler & Keller,

Level of Prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Level of Prevention - Essay Example ed person is treated and evaluated from the point of view of potential for future risk and (c) tertiary prevention, which includes the involvement of the family and community in ensuring that an abused victim is protected from further abuse and that the physical, psychological and emotional damages caused to the elderly person are addressed, treated and prevented from future occurrence. Rosalie Wolf categorizes primary prevention measures as the use of those screening tools that would help to identify elders who at risk to be abused in the future, while secondary prevention involves the evaluation of an elder who is already being abused in order to assess the risk of future abuse in order to devise appropriate measures to cope with it. (Wolf, 2000). The results of several elderly abuse assessment tools have been combined into one comprehensive test – the H-S/EAST Test (Hwalek Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening test). This test uses a set of 15 assessment criteria which are intended to measure three different levels of abuse (a) actual incidence of direct abuse or a violation of the personal rights of the elderly person (b) the extent to which the elderly person is vulnerable to abuse and individual characteristics that increase vulnerability and (c) the identification of potentially abusive situations. This 15 point assessment tool that is executed through a series of questions wherein the elderly person is asked to list any instances where harm or hurt has been caused and this test has been recently enhanced through the additional of additional questions such as â€Å"Are you afraid of anyone in your family? â€Å"Has anyone close to you called you names or out you down or made you feel bad recently?† (Scofield et al, 1999). The efficacy of this test was also tested in a study conducted in a city in Florida to assess abuse among the elderly living in public housing and the results of the study suggested that the test is useful in measuring various facets of abuse,

Planning Issues In The Construction Industry Construction Essay

Planning Issues In The Construction Industry Construction Essay Construction is an everlasting activity across the globe. Its profitability like of any other business fluctuates according to the law of demand and supply. In most countries, construction activity constitutes 6-9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and constitutes more than half of the fixed capital formation as infrastructure and public utilities capital works required for economic development. Construction activity contributes to the economic development of a country. The GDP per capita and the investment in the construction per capita generally follow a straight line relationship, that is construction activity increases with the increase in per capita income. Construction projects are intricate and time-consuming tasks. For the total success of any particular project a wide chain of specialized services is necessary for the timely completion of the project. During the construction process, itself even a project of small or medium proportions requires many attributes, materials a nd involves many different types of operations. The assembly process must follow a natural order of events that, in total combination, constitutes a complicated pattern of individual time requirements and restrictive sequential relationships among the many segments of the structure (Project Quality Management in Construction, K. Lambrou, G.J. Besseris and C. Alafodimos, MSc in Quality Management, TEI of Piraeus and University of Aisley).Mismanagement of resources has become a prevalent problem in many construction firms. This mismanagement of resources contributes to numerous construction firms ineffectiveness and frequent failures each year. Hence, it is necessary to take appropriate steps and follow the process to improvise the output of construction industry by using proper planning methods and techniques. This can be done through adoption of modern and improvised planning techniques in construction industry such as CPM, PERT, Supply Chain Management etc, which will be discussed in detail in main dissertation work. In the literature review of planning issues in construction industry, different aspects of social-cultural-economic importance of planning and modern planning techniques has been highlighted. This dissertation focuses on analyzing the major hindrances caused by the positive and negative issues in planning and execution phase of the project. 2. Background Planning is a key ingredient in the successful completion of any construction project. It provides the road map for the project to follow and the milestones by which its progress is measured. To understand the loopholes in the planning process it is necessary to dismantle the planning objectives, so that all the aspects regarding the project could be thoroughly capitalized. Four planning objectives which characterize the whole of the planning process are execution of work, coordination of all the activities, control over the materials and manpower and forecasting. Safety is a major concern to every successful construction project because of humanitarian concern for the workers and the cost ramifications of a poor safety record. Major construction firms had proposed the usage of network planning techniques, mainly because of owners demand. The relationship between project planning and construction safety is sometimes subtle, and the impact it has on the project is not as readily apparent as the importance of planning and safety as separate entities. A comprehensive planning and scheduling specification system can aid in the planning of job sequence, financial needs, workforce needs, material needs, and equipment needs. It also can aid the scheduling of actual activity start or completion and provide feedback to control the schedule, cost, and use of resources. A critical step in the execution of any construction project is the selection of planning and scheduling specification clauses to be included in the construction contract. Numerous project characteristics should be taken into account when determining which planning and scheduling clauses to be included. Project is a mission, undertaken to create a unique facility, product or services within the specified scope, quality, time and costs. With the emerging global opportunities, projects cross geographical boundaries, corporate channels, traditional systems and cultural diversities. The knowledge areas needed to manage such projects comprise project management techniques, general management practices and technology-related subjects. The project management techniques of planning, scheduling and controlling are the tools and devices that bind the subjects knowledge areas. These techniques can be applied to all types of projects. This research focuses on the application of all these techniques in the construction industry. It is widely recognized that effective planning can play a major role in the success of projects. Whether project success is based on the traditional measure of time, cost and quality or newer measures of critical success factors (Westerveld, 2003), effective planning can also contribute to the prevention of accidents and ill health of site personnel (Duff and Suraji, 2000; HSE, 2003). These objectives become increasingly difficult to achieve, however, in construction projects. Construction sites can be extremely busy places where the working environment is ever changing. Unfortunately, in addition to this, the construction industry tends to be under resourced and under planned in relation to other industries (Egan, 1998), which can lead to a crisis management approach to production risk, a feature of construction culture which can impact heavily on health and safety. Despite this, activities requiring intensive planning as those required in a temporary rail possession, almost invari ably run smoothly. There is little chance of an unsafe incident, due to the heightened risk awareness resulting from the meticulous planning. 3. Aims and Objectives To study various minute details affecting the process of planning. The objective of this research is to assess the modern methods of planning and scheduling a construction contracts which can be applied in todays construction industry and to also discuss the issues involved in the application of those tools. To compare and analyze a planning strategy which has a solution for various issues in the planning process. 4. Research Methodology The research methodology is the approach through which the researcher collects the data useful for the chosen topic and then the analysis is done on the basis of that. In my dissertation, I will be using qualitative research as means to study planning and scheduling in construction contracts. 5. Scope and Limitations of Dissertation The limitations of the dissertation are: This research targets only construction industry, hence the results cannot be implied on the others sectors. This analysis will be done for Indian and UK industry. However, the study done on India and UK is not necessary applicable for other nations as well as because of cultural differences. Planning techniques for different countries is different which adds to more misery. The unavailability of proper planning and management techniques, which could possibly solve the issues of planning even when proper resources are not available. Construction Industry has flourished domestically as well as globally over the years. Economic development of any particular country also largely depends upon the construction projects. Major factors that affect the overall result of any project would be size, complexity, quality, productivity, completion time and cost. These factors would be achieved only when proper planning is done, which forms the base of construction management. A project plan is always formulated during the planning phase. Planning in its broader perspective, involves advance thinking as to what is to be done, what are the activities, how it is to be done, when it is to be done, where it is to be done, what is needed to do it, who is to do it and to ensure that it done. A project plan would be adversely affected if cost overruns and delays take place. The effect of past construction experience, on the quality of management in general and on planning effectiveness in particular, is addressed only rarely in const ruction-management research; the few studies doing so explicitly are in agreement with the findings of the present study. NEDO (Faster 1983) reports the contractors inexperience in similar projects as a major source of difficulty in construction [Faster building for industry (1983). NEDO-Building EDC, National Economic Development Office, London, England.]. All the perseverance put into the invention of new techniques did not gave the satisfying results in the construction planning sector (Choudhury 1981, Mason 1984, Morton 1983). Sometimes people fail to recognize the difference between planning and scheduling. Progress in the usage of new computer techniques has resulted in the misconception of standardization of project scheduling. Projects have been a part of our society for quite a long era. Indication of total efficiency would be seen by completing project on time, but construction process is subjected to too many fluctuations and unforeseeable factors which results from many sources (Sadi. A. Assaf, Sadiq Al-Hejji, (2005)). Construction organization lives in the ever-changing and their effectiveness depends on their ability to adapt to new demands and opportunities. This industry needs to adjust itself to the changes occurring in its working environment in order to become effective. Construction projects are intricate and time-consuming tasks. The total development of a project normally consists of several phases requiring a diverse range of specialized services. In progressing form initial planning to project completion, the typical project passes through successive distinct stages that demand inputs from such disparate groups as financial organizations, government agencies, engineers, architects, lawyers, surety companies, contractors, and building trade-persons. Most challenging part of these modern techniques is implementing these methods to achieve a particular goal or task. Construction Industry faces a lot of problems because of the working patterns and inefficient planning techniques to reach to complete a particular function. Following the modern planning techniques reduces the dilapidation of resources and economically strengthens the company. A constant focus should be given on the improvisation techniques which include mutually collaborating one or more techniques which would lead to a profitable project and reduce the loss due poor performance and cost overruns. The constructions industry in India and UK has realized the importance of the proper usage of modern planning techniques which has improvised the margins of profits and truncate the overall project cost. In India planning is an open process (Planning in India RICHARD S. ECKAUS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ).If design completion is not done at proper time it would prove to be costly, as it would lead to construction delays. In India a prevalent method to planning is not sufficient as there are many situations which includes Limitation or inexpertness of human beings in there respective fields (Human Errors). Influence of external factors beyond human control (E.g. Natural Hazards: this could have an adverse effect on the planning process). The external components interact with the construction firm from outside of the organizations environment. Such external components are material suppliers, financial institutions, and surety companies, end users of products, owners, and architects. The project is also influenced by external causes due to scarce availability of resources in the market (Techniques and Technology). The project covers important framework of an integral system; therefore considerable economic or technical consequence could result from faulty usage. (An approach to planning and control of advanced projects Giorgio Caroni, Roland0 Matteelli and Alfred0 Berti) In order to have a competitive edge over other construction companies, perfectly planning techniques should be used. Main Body CASE STUDY: Even though India is one of the developing countries the approach towards planning is comparatively more advanced as compared to other developing countries. (Planning in India, RICHARD S. ECKAUS, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY). In India, for small scale project ranging between 1million £-10million £ specific planning techniques cannot be implemented, as a lot of unavoidable problems usually arise due to many reasons. Comprehensive survey of the location of the project clearly marks the project area and its boundaries. Soil investigation is to be done to ascertain the soil strength so as to decide the type and other specific details of the foundation. Depending upon the soil investigation reports, finalize the type of foundation i.e., pile foundation or open foundation up to hard strata strength. Necessary approvals, clearances, no objection for all the concerned government departments, local or self governing authorities should be obtained before starting the project. To ascertain whether any public utility service lines like Water pipe lines, sewage pipe lines, electrical cables or over head lines, telephone line or any other Public/Private items or assets are crossing /passing through the designated project area. Specific measures must be taken to relocate the service lines or public assets before starting the project. Drawings incorporating all the specific details, dimensions and other specifications must be accurate and must be got approved from all the relevant authorities before starting the work If any of the above fundamental issues are neglected at the planning stage, you are steadily heading for a project period over run and project cost overrun. TYPICAL CASE STUDIES FROM INDIA BUILDING PROJECT OF CBI(CENTRAL BEAURAU OF INVESTIGATION) BUILDING 1) Name of Work : Construction of Administrative Building including all infrastructure Amenities for C.I.D Pune. at Pune 2) Client : Maharashtra State Police Housing Welfare Corporation. Limited, Mumbai 3) Tender Work Order No : PHC/TB/CID PUNE/1152/2005 Dated 15.07.2005 from General Manager 4) Contractor : M/s. Deepa Engineers, 42, Welfare Chambers, 1st Floor, Sector-17, Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400 705 5) Architect : M/s. Arc-Aids. Pune 6) P.M.C : M/s PP Ventures, Pune 7) Tendered Amount : 5, 43, 04,161/- 8) Date of Starting : 02.09.2005 9) Stipulated period of completion : 31.05.2007 10) Area as per tender : 5483.57 Sq.Mtr 11) Area as per actual construction : 7217.19 Sq.Mtr. Including Common Facility. 12) Common Facility Area : 109Sq.Mtr 1) Septic Tank = 36 Sq.Mtr 2) Meter Room = 19 Sq.Mtr 3) Pump House = 54 Sq. Mtr 13 Area Constructed : 7108.19 Sq.Mtr (7217.19-109 = 7108.19 Sq.Mtr) 14) Actual date of completion/ : 31.03.2009 Taking over 10.07.2009 15) Difference in Area : 1669.62 Sq.Mtr. 16) R.A. Bill No. 21st (pending) : 30,70,629.00 17) Final Bill yet pending : 26,01,169.00 18) Security Deposit : 13,57,604.00 19) Retention money deducted From 20th R.A. Bill : 1,38,747.00 20) Retention money deducted From 21th R.A. Bill : 1,52,052.00 21) Extra Items Amount : 1,83,210.00 22) Inauguration Expenditure : 3,10,000.00 23) Bank Guarantee En cashed : 13,57,604.00 Total Claims overdue : 91,71,015.00 + Difference in Constructed Area amount Conclusion Departmental interaction between various service agencies of the state, like the police housing Department and PUNE Municipal Corporation must have been initiated at the planning stage of the tender itself. Though the project is commissioned successfully on 10th July-2009 and the C.B.I has occupied the Administrative Building, with all the proposed amenities the Contractor has suffered huge financial losses. Presently the case is under arbitration Justification for the delay of work 1) M/s. Arc-Aids, (Architect) M/s. PP Ventures, Pune (PMC) were new to the department lack of coordination between them with Police Housing and the contractor resulting in bad delay in furnishing the requisite drawings and other relevant details for the timely execution of the work. 2) Delay due to the shifting of approx One Meter Diameter Water pipe line of Pune municipal corporation which was not shown in the layout drawing of the tender, passing through the site feeding water supply to Pune City Delay 10 Months. The work was coordinated by Deepa Engineers and executed by Pune Municipal Corporation without any financial obligations to PHC. Drawings must incorporate all the details accurately, after carrying out proper survey of the project area. 3) Non releasing of the payments in time by holding of Running Bills payment by imposing heavy penalty as given below, which was against the terms conditions of the Tender, since the delay was caused by reasons beyond the responsibility control of the contractor Sr.No. Particulars No. of days Amount to be recovered from Bill in Rs. 1 Rs. 1000/-per day w.e.f. 1/6/07 to 15.01/08 229 2,29,000/- 2 Rs. 5000/-per day w.e.f. 16/01/08 to 15/02/08 31 1,55,000/- 3 Rs. 10000/-per day w.e.f. 16/02/08 to 12/05/08 87 8,70,000/- 4 Rs. 15000/-per day w.e.f. 13/5/08 to 30/06/08 49 7,35,000/- 5 Rs. 65000/-per day w.e.f. 1/7/08 to 10/07/09 375 2,43,75,000/- Total 771 2,63,64,000/- This holding of payment was waived and released by Hon. S.S. Virk after joining as M.D. of Police Housing Corporation and assured that the penalty will be waived and the difference in area constructed will be consider after completing the work. Accordingly the work is restarted and completed on 31.03.2009 and handed over on 10.07.2009. Month wise requirement of funds if predicted during the plannings stage itself, the payment schedule flow of money will not be hampered. B) Name of Project: 1) Construction of three storeyed of 300 seated Post Graduate Hostel including internal Water supply, Sanitary installation, Drainage wok and internal electrification work for Vishweshwarayya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India Name of Contractor : M/s. DEEPA ENGINEERS, 42, WELFARE CHAMBERS, 1ST FLOOR, SECTOR-17, VASHI, NAVI MUMBAI Estimated Cost : 5,33,56,856/- Tendered Amount : 9,34,63,099.00 Time allowed : 16 Months including monsoon Period Commencement Date : 12.07.2007 Stipulated date of completion : 11.11.2008 Security Deposit : 46,73,155.00 (Bank Guarantee) Project Management : Central Public Works Department, Superintending Engineer, Central Circle, Nagpur. Architects : do B) Name of Project: Construction of Additional storey (100 seated) over proposed 300 seated Post Graduate Hostel at Vishweshwarayya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur. Name of Contractor : M/s. DEEPA ENGINEERS, 42, WELFARE CHAMBERS, 1ST FLOOR, SECTOR-17, VASHI, NAVI MUMBAI Estimated Cost : 1,78,70,130.00 Tendered Amount : 2,36,39,902.00 Commencement Date : 28.11.2008 Stipulated date of completion : 27.05.2009 Security Deposit : 11,82,000.00 (Bank Guarantee) Time allowed : 6 Months Project Management : Central Public Works Department, Superintending Engineer, Central Circle, Nagpur. Architects : do Actual date of Completion : 31.03.2010 Parameter adopted for mix design for RCC works Ready Mix Concrete Nominal maximum size of aggregate : 20 mm angular as per C.P.W.D. description Degree of quality control : Good Type of Exposure : Moderate Maximum water cement Ratio : 0.50 Cement Content : 410/Kg/cum of concrete Type of Cement used : OPC 43 grade Conforming to IS: 8112 Sand : Coarse sand as per CPWD Specification Approved Admixtures conforming to I.S. 9103 permitted Fly wash shall not be used in R.C.C The Contractor shall submit the Mix Design Report from Approved Laboratory and get it approved from the Engineer-in-Charge Causes for the delay in completion of the project. Inaccurate Soil Investigation Report. The Original depth of Excavation, for Foundation fixed as 5ft(1.52 m) as per tender. At the time of actual execution the depth upto loft which resulted in huge quantity variation in excavation, quantity of steel and other items necessitating further approvals from all competent authorities. This project cost overrun and period overrun could have been avoided if proper soil investigation was carried out before tendering A Major defect in planning was the decision to have an additional floor with 100 seats after the completion of the hostel building up to 3rd floor by the contractor. The right decision to have a Four storied 400 seated Hostel building initially would have saved the Project period by at least 4 months Also there could have been a saving of the total Project cost by at least 03 % TABLE OF MILESTONE (S) CASE B(1) S. No. Financial Progress Time allowed (from date of start) Amount to be withheld in case of non achievement of milestone 1 All P.C.C. and brick works up to plinth level 120 days In the event of not achieving the necessary progress as assessed 1% of the tendered value of work will be withheld for failure of each milestones 2 Complete R.C.C structure up to terrace level 240 days 3 All brick work , flooring, internal plaster, fixing of door frames and windows etc along with all related items 355 days 4 Water proofing to terrace slab, external plaster and painting, fixing of all electrical and water supply, sanitary fitting etc. complete along with handing over of building including external service connections complete. 16 months TABLE OF MILESTONE (S) CASE B(2) S. No. Physical Progress Time allowed (from date of start) Amount to be withheld in case of non achievement of milestone 1 All R.C.C. Columns 30 days In the event of not achieving the necessary progress as assessed 1% of the tendered value of work will be withheld for failure of each milestones 2 Complete R.C.C and brick work up to terrace level 90 days 3 All brick work , flooring, internal plaster, fixing of door frames and windows etc along with all related items 150 days 4 External plaster and painting, fixing of all water supply, sanitary fitting etc. complete along with handing over of building including external service connections complete. 6 months Results from the Case Study: IN GENERAL VIEWS Table 1 List of causes of delay which may affect the overall planning is categorized below (Causes of delay in large construction projects, Sadi A. Assaf *, Sadiq Al-Hejji) No. of. Causes of delay affecting the planning process Group 1 The Original contract duration is very short Project 2 Disputes between various parts Project 3 Inadequate definition of substantial completion Project 4 Ineffective delay penalties Project 5 Type of construction contract (Lump sum contract, construction only,) Project 6 Type of project bidding and award ( lowest bidder) Project 7 Delay in payments by the owner Owner 8 Delay to furnish the site to the contractor by the owner Owner 9 Revision orders by the owner during construction phase Owner 10 Late in changing and approving the design documents by the owner Owner 11 Delay in approval of drawings and the sample materials Owner 12 Improper communication by owner and other parties Owner 13 Unwillingness to make proper decisions Owner 14 Disagreements occurring between joint-ownership of the project Owner 15 Absence of incentives for contractor for finishing the work ahead of schedule Owner 16 Discontinuation of work by owner Owner 17 Financial problems faced by contractor Contractor 18 Problems in sub-contractors schedule in execution work Contractor 19 Alterations during construction due to some minor errors Contractor 20 Affray between contractor and other parties Contractor 21 Inappropriate site management by the contractor Contractor 22 Inappropriate communication by contractor with other parties Contractor 23 Poor planning of project by the contractor Contractor 24 Improper construction techniques implemented by contractor Contractor 25 Postponement in sub-contractors work Contractor 26 Inadequate standard of work by contractor Contractor 27 Periodic changes of sub-contractors Contractor 28 Poor qualification of technical staff Contractor 29 Mobilization problems at site Contractor 30 Postponement in inspection and testing by consultant Consultant 31 Delays in the approval of major changes in the scope of work by consultant Consultant 32 Inflexibility shown by the consultant Consultant 33 Improper coordination between consultant and other parties Consultant 34 Slow to review and approve the documents by the consultant Consultant 35 Issues between the consultant and the design engineer Consultant 36 Inadequate experience of consultant Consultant 37 Mistakes in the design documents Design 38 Delay in delivering the design documents Design 39 Imperfect details in drawings Design 40 Complications in understanding of the project design Design 41 Incomplete data collection survey before design Design 42 Confusion in owners requirements by design engineer Design 43 Insufficient design-team experience Design 44 Low amount of usage of advanced engineering design software Design 45 Shortage of construction materials in market Materials 46 Alterations in the type of materials and specifications during the construction Materials 47 Immobilization of material Materials 48 Damage of sorted material while they are needed urgently Materials 49 Delay in manufacturing special building materials Materials 50 Late procurement of materials Materials 51 Late in selection of finishing materials due to availability of many types in market Materials 52 Equipment breakdowns Equipment 53 Shortage of equipment Equipment 54 Low level of equipment-operators skill Equipment Equipment 55 Lack of high-technology mechanical equipment Equipment 56 Shortage of labours Labours 57 Unqualified workforces Labours No. Causes of delay Group Labours 58 Nationality of labours Labours 59 Low productivity level of labours Labours 60 Personal conflicts among labours Labours 61 Effects of subsurface conditions (e.g., soil, high water table, etc.) External 62 Delay in obtaining permits from municipality External 63 Hot weather effect on construction activities External 64 Rain effect on construction activities External 65 Unavailability of utilities in site (such as, water, electricity, telephone, etc.) External 66 Effect of social and cultural factors External 67 Traffic control and restriction at job site External 68 Accident during construction External 69 Differing site (ground) conditions External 70 Changes in government regulations and laws External 71 Holding up the work from the important utilities i.e., water, electricity etc External 72 Final inspection has been delayed by a third party External Literature Review: Definitions and Concepts of Planning and Planning issues Planning can be defined as any one of the following: 1. A decision-making process. 2. A process of anticipatory decision-making to decide what and/or how to perform actions due at some point in the future. 3. A process of integrating interdependent decisions into a system of decisions. 4. A hierarchical process evolving from general guidelines to objectives, to the elaboration of means and constraints that lead to a detailed course of action. 5. A process that includes part or all of a chain of activities comprising information search and analysis, development and design of alternatives, analysis and evaluation of alternatives and choice making. 6. The systematic employment of procedures (standardized and formal to varying degrees). 7. Documented presentation, in the form of plans. (Is construction project planning really doing its job? A critical examination of focus, role and process, A. Laufera; R. L. Tucker, Department of Construction Management, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel b Construction Industry, Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA) Social-Cultural-Economic Importance of Planning(POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE) Cultural Aspects: (International Measurement of the Economic and Social Importance of Culture, Prepared by John C. Gordon and Helen Beilby-Orrin) . The Australian statistical office

The Lost Generation

Both Remarque’s â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† and Hemingway’s â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† relate to the theme of hopelessness during the lost generation. Remarque’s story is set during the war from a younger German soldier, Paul, through him the suffering and difficulties are presented as fruitless and with out a main goal to look forward to when they return home. Throughout the military travels of the younger soldiers like Paul, Remarque’s view on wars disadvantages on people are clearly stated through the eyes of Paul. Towards the end of his life, he grows happy to die and is glad to pass away from all the pain emotionally and physically he and his comrades had to endure during the battle. Carrying on through the book is the sense of empty hopelessness that nothing will become good and there is nothing to look forward to after their arrival home. On the other side, Hemingway’s older veteran characters, Jake and Brett, play the role of two empty people who are looking for direction in life after the devastating war. Jake however becomes a redeemable character through his journey to overcome his psychological and physical damage from the war and gains sympathy. However Brett does not earn any more respect or accomplishes any growth in overcoming her war wounds. This takes its own path in the end when Jake moves on from Brett’s taunting attitudes and starts to gain his balance in life again. Hemingway’s hopelessness is conveyed more positively than Remarque’s critical outlook on war. Throughout both book the characters struggle with their emotional difficulties to stay attuned to their prewar lives and struggle with hope for the future. However Hemingway takes the path of a more positive ending while Remarque creates a happy doom for his brave, suffering characters. There are many parallels between the characters in each book enough though the themes and perspectives are entirely different. The main point serves the same purpose, whereas the lost generation was hopeless unless they rarely saw a glimpse of the future after recovery. The tone of the overall book has an almost empty and predictable attitude about it, the men have no hope for themselves, and they do not convey a sense of need to get home or to survive but merely to continue to take orders until the end. The hopelessness conveyed by the characters in â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† is the kind of hopelessness when you know you cannot personally change the outcome of your fate knowing the future results in death. Most of the reality of the brutal war is exposed through battles or bluntly stated by another distraught soldier. A sense of urgency is not present when knowing that at any moment a comrade could be returning with â€Å"screams of intolerable pain. [Knowing] every day that he can live will be howling [with] torture† (72). The lack of urgency communicates that death is a causal event during war and the witnesses are used to the terrible sight of mangled or dead bodies. Some even accept that they will one day become like those they see in pain and fear life over death. â€Å"Every face can be read† on the appearance of each soldier who knows they are subject to the â€Å"embrace† of â€Å"the front† (53). Faces can easily be read because the same fate awaits all the soldiers, death and no hope. The characters see no future and are trudging along in an empty cycle. The circle is completed with unfilled desires to keep living when the discovery of Paul with â€Å"his face [of calm expression] as though almost glad the end had come† establishes that he was happy to leave pain, suffering and damaged forthcoming opportunities to a peaceful afterlife (296). The lost generation shared a â€Å"common fate [which] ruined [them] for everything† upcoming in the future to better their lives such as a family or a job offer as mentioned by various characters but created disappointment at the realization their dreams would not come true. This contributed to the plummeting feelings the lost generation carried with them. Hemingway disguises his characters want for redemption and amount of hopelessness they feel. The book has a more up beat consistency than â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† and more is said in what the Jake is not saying than what he and Brett bluntly state. Brett cannot be with Jake because she would â€Å"tromper† or commit adultery since Jake cannot satisfy her needs sexually (62). Instead Jake secretively takes a prostitute out to dinner but ends up dumping her on his friends while he leaves with Brett. Jake did not sleep with the prostitute, Georgette, because he felt ashamed and helpless about his physical injury from the war. He does not feel man enough to sleep with a prostitute, he feels discouraged about his future plans and ability to gain happiness as part of the lost generation. To fill the void opened from war, Jake, Brett and their comrades drink to escape their persisting troubles and pains. Jake has a miserable life and to make it better he finds it easier to get drunk and not fix his problems. â€Å" ‘Don’t get drunk, Jake,’ she [Brett] said. ‘You don’t have to. ’†¦ ‘Don’t,’ she said. You’ll be alright. ’† Brett reassures Jake (245). The pain and emptiness ceases with alcohol and distracts from the wars wounds. Contrasting to Paul and the other lost generation soldiers in â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front†, Jake proves he is able to redeem himself and looks to the future. Ja ke uses religion as a parallel to his emotional stability. When starting out Jake was not religious and just went through the movements of going to church and â€Å"being a good Catholic†, however as he progresses he finds that he should care more about religion and has a want to be more involved. The parallel of him wanting to be more involved is when he breaks away from Brett and starts off new; and for the first time believes in his future after he returned from the war. Jake’s break through occurred when he â€Å"stoop up, gripped with [his] toes on the edge of the raft as it tipped with [his] weight, and dove cleanly and deeply, to come up through the lightening water, blew the salt water out of [his] head, and swam slowly and steadily to shore† (242). As Jake comes out of the water, he symbolizes a baptism and the rebirth of himself into a more understanding and less negative man. Along with becoming less frightened of the future Jake was able to let go of Brett and her ability to draw men in. He finally cleansed himself of her and his past troubles and looks to days ahead. Rarely does Jake interact with a genuine character, more often does he associates with deceptive, greedy, manipulative or mean people of the lost generation. The main character that is sympathetic is Jake, he battles the most with his physical injury and because of that, Brett puts him through emotional misery. Even as Brett â€Å"kissed [Jake he] could tell she was thinking of something else† and finally understood that she just used him for her own personal benefit (245). After his â€Å"baptism† Jake was close to moving on from Brett and almost did until she pulled him back in again. The fact that Brett is thinking about someone else is the last straw for Jake and he is done with her. From this kiss on, Jake is cold and a little immature towards Brett. This signifies his final connection with her emotionally and he takes steps to begin a new life. Brett consciously talks bout her other men with Jake while she knows how he feels about her. She almost flaunts them in front of Jake by complimenting them saying â€Å"he’s my sort of thing† (247). Brett is attracted to the bad boys who show her attention but aren’t controlling. She disregards Jake as a candidate for her commitment and love since he cannot satisfy her sexually; she only uses him emotionally t hen ditches him when a better offer comes along. She is aware she cannot be with him and it hurts him to see her go off with men, however she does nothing to change this. She even goes as far as to bring the men over to Jake’s place to have a drink. Because of her blatant disrespect for anyone but herself she is not a redeemable character and no sympathy is given to her. Jake is the only character that deserves sympathy while Brett does not even deserve respect from Jake. Similar to sympathy, Jake becomes a redeemable character towards the end of his journey with Brett after the war. He clearly stands opposed to Brett who is neither sympathetic nor redeemable. During Jake’s baptism and revelation, he proves to want to redeem himself, if not to others at least to himself. He is aware that he is not the most religious man but tries to convince himself otherwise to morally feel better. Jake is Catholic and by the end of the book becomes more religious and understands the meaning of religion rather than just going through the motions at church. He values the importance of God when Brett states she does not really care for him or religion since it’s a waste of her time. Jake at least holds on to that the whole book and increases his religious activities and symbolism towards the end. Not only does Jake morally and mentally redeem himself but he also redeems his time wasted on Brett. One of their last interactions Jake unmistakably communicates his annoyance and irritation with Brett, â€Å" ‘You like to eat, don’t you? ’ she said. ‘Yes,’ I said. ‘I like to do a lot of things. ’ â€Å" (250). Jake becomes fed up with Brett’s constant lack of acknowledgement that he is always there for her and not some one to use when her love life is not thriving. He grows tired of constant games and realizes there is nothing left for them together. After more small talk is exchanged between the two, Jake is ready to let her go for good and finally gains enough confidence that everything will be okay with out Brett. Brett tries to make herself sound more appealing to Jake by explaining, â€Å"it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch† (249). Other than making the decision to not be a bitch, Brett makes no other attempt to redeem herself or acknowledge that she played with Jake’s feelings and ruined part of his life for holding on to him for such a long time. She cannot get over her self absorption to realize she messes with men for her own benefit whether it be money or sex, and doesn’t care who she hurts along the way, mainly Jake. There is no evidence that she is a redeemable, sympathetic or a caring character. Although she has issues because she, too, is considered the lost generation, that does not give her the right to act above everyone else and hurt Jake. Jake also traumatized by the war does not use women to make Brett jealous or ever hurts her. He is always there when he is needed to support her dramatic lifestyle. Brett has no compassion for anyone but herself therefore making her unredeemable and Jake redeemable. Although each stories have their differences in almost all aspects there is one overall main point: the lost generation was hopeless and it was a difficult time for those people. Each book expresses the same bigger picture but is differently executed. Jake’s tone which represents the overall feel of the book communicates the idea of a ghostly and missing man looking for a happier path in life to escape his sadness and pain. He rarely finds little pleasures and mostly describes scenes as dark or dark imagery, only a few times is light mentioned when redemption or renewal of a character is occurring. Paul’s description of the war gives off a more pessimistic tone as he always comes back to the idea that the lost generation has nothing to return to at home. However he finds simple pleasures more enjoyable and tries to make the most of them. Both characters portray a sense of despair and loss of direction in life but differently executed. Hemingway chooses to exhibit his characters as striving to change their lives while Remarque’s turns negatively towards death and meaninglessness. Hemingway does not refer to the war but instead barely mentions it or Jake will see military like actions between people symbolizing the war and the lost generation. The fact that Hemingway does not mention the war, yet the book is about war, further proves that in Hemingway’s writing, what is not being said is more important. The tone is important to both novels to relay the same message but entirely different outcomes and themes. The lost generation was a sad hopeless group of veterans who, if not killed, had to aimlessly go through life feeling like there was no purpose or they didn’t belong. Hemingway and Remarque’s classic novels illustrate the hard times during and after the war and the many similarities that are present.